Friday, July 30, 2010
Tuesday, July 27, 2010
பிரிட்டனின் புதிய பிரதமர் டேவிட் கேமரூன், முதன் முதலாக 27-07-10 அன்று இந்தியாவிற்கு, மூன்று நாள் அரசு முறைப் பயணமாக வருகை புரிகிறார்
Monday, July 26, 2010
சிலி நாட்டில் உள்ள அடகாமா பாலைவனத்தில் உலகின் மிகப்பெரிய டெலஸ்கோப் அமைய உள்ளது. கடல் மட்டத்தில் இருந்து சுமார் 3060 மீட்டர் உயரத்தில் இந்த டெலஸ்கோப் அமைகிறது.பூமி போன்ற பெரிய கோள்கள் முதல் சிறிய கோள்கள் வரை ஆராயும் சக்தி கொண்டதாக இந்த டெலஸ்கோப் இருக்கும். கருந்துளைகள் மற்றும் விண்வெளியில் நிலவும் பாதிப்புகளையும் இந்த டெலஸ்கோப் மூலம் விஞ்ஞானிகள் ஆராய முடியும்
சூரியக்குடும்பத்துக்கு வெளியே புதிய இளமையான கோள் ஒன்றை விஞ்ஞானிகள் கண்டுபிடித்துள்ளனர். பெட்டா பிக்டோரிஸ் என்று பெயரிடப்பட்டுள்ள இக்கோள் உருவாகி ஒரு கோடி 20 லட்சம் ஆண்டுகள் ஆகியிருக்கலாமென்று விஞ்ஞானிகள் கருதுகின்றனர்
அனைத்துலக வானியல் ஆண்டாக 2009 அறிவிக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது
நேபாள சிறுமி அதிதி தனது மூன்றாவது வயதில் கின்னசில் இடம் பெறுவதற்காக, தனி இசை ஆல்பம் வெளியிட்டுள்ளாள்.
Current Affairs
Friday, July 23, 2010
National Laboratories and Research Institutions
2 Central Drug Research Institute - Lucknow - U.P
3 Central Electro-Chemical Research Institute - Karaikudi - Tamil Nadu
4 Central Electronics Engineering research institute - Pilani - Rajasthan
5 Central Food Technological Research Institute - Mysore- Karnataka
6 Central Fuel Research Institute - Dhanbad- Jharkhand
7 Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute - Jadhavpur, W.B
8 Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Lucknow, U.P
9 Central Leather Research Institute - Chennai, Tamil Nadu
10 Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute - Durgapur, W.B
11 Central Mining Research Station - Dhanbad, Jharkhand
12 Central Road Research Institute - New Delhi, Delhi
13 Central Salt and Marine Chemical Research Institute - Bhavnagar, Gujarat
14 Central Scientific Instruments Organisation - Chandigarh, Chandigarh
15 Indian Institute of Chemical Biology - Kolkatta, West Bengal
16 Indian Institute of Petroleum - Dehradun, Uttaranchal
17 Industrial Texicology Central Centre - Lucknow, U.P
18 National Aeronautical Laboratory - Bangalore, Karnataka
19 National Botanical Research Institute - Lucknow, U.P
20 National Chemical Laboratory - Pune, Maharashtra
21 National Environment Engineering Institute - Napery, Maharashtra
22 National Geophysical Research Institute - Hyderabad, A.P
23 National Institute of Oceanography - Panjim, Goa
24 Bose Research Institute - Kolkata, West Bengal
25 National Metallurgical Laboratory - Jamshedpur, Jharkhand
26 National Physical Laboratory - New Delhi, Delhi
27 Regional Research Laboratories Bhubaneshwer, Orissa; Jorhat, Assam; Jammu, J & K; Hyderabad, A.P
28 Structural Engineering Research Centre - Roorkee, Uttaranchal; Chennai; Tamil Nadu
29 Visvesvarayya Industrial and Technological Museum - Bangalore, Karnataka
30 High Altitude Research Laboratory - Gulmarg, J and K
31 Indian Cancer Research Centre - Mumbai, Maharashtra
32 Seismic Research Centre - Gaurividanur (Near Bangalore) Karnataka
33 Central Marine Research Station - Chennai, Tamil Nadu
34 Central research Laboratory - Chennai, Tamil Nadu
35 Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology - Hyderabad, A.P
36 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - New Delhi, Delhi
37 Forest Research Institute - Dehradun, Uttaranchal
38 Indian Institute of Science - Bangalore, Karnataka
39 Indian Institute of Sugar Technology - Kanpur, U.P
40 Indian Space Research Organisation - Bangalore, Karnataka
41 Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany - Lucknow, U.P
42 All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health - Kolkata, West Bengal
43 All India Institute of Medical Science - New Delhi, Delhi
44 All India Malaria Institute - Delhi
45 Institute of Ayurvedic Studies and Research - Jamnagar, Gujarat
46 National Institute of Communicable Diseases - New Delhi, Delhi
47 Central Research Institute - Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh
Common and Chemical Names of Some Compounds
slaked Lime - Calcium Hydroxide - Ca (OH)2
Bleaching Powder - Calcium Oxychloride - CaOCl2
Nausadar - Ammonium Chloride - NH4Cl
Caustic Soda - Sodium Hydroxide - NaOH
Rock Salt - Sodium Chloride - NaCl
Caustic - Potash Potassium Hydroxide - KOH
Potash Alum - Potassium Aluminium Sulphate - K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3.24H2O
Epsom - Magnesium Sulphate - MgSO4.7H2O
Quick Lime - Calcium Oxide - CaO
Plaster of Paris Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4) ½ H2O
Gypsum - Calcium Sulphate - (CaSO4) .2H2O
Green Vitriol - Ferrous Sulphate - FeSO4.7H2O
Mohr's Salt - Ammonium Ferrous Sulphate - FeSO4 (NH4)2 SO4.6H2O
Blue Vitriol - Copper Sulphate - CuSO4.5H2O
White Vitriol - Zinc Sulphate - ZnSO4.7H2O
Marsh Gas - Methane - CH4
Vinegar - Acetic Acid - CH3COOH
Potash Ash - Potassium Carbonate - K2CO3
Hypo - Sodium Thiosulphate - Na2S2O3.5H2O
Baking Powder - Sodium Bicarbonate - NaHCO3
Washing Soda - Sodium Carbonate - Na2CO3.10H2O
Magnesia - Magnesium Oxide - MgO
Chalk (Marble) - Calcium Carbonate - CaCO3
Lunar Caustic - Silver Nitrate - AgNO3
Laughing Gas - Nitrous Oxide - N2O
Chloroform - Tricholoro Methane - CHCl3
Vermelium - Mercuric Sulphide - HgS
Borax - Borax - Na2B4O7.10H2O
Alcohol - Ethyl Alcohol - C2H5OH
Sugar - Sucrose - C12H22O11
Heavy Water - Duterium Oxide - D2O
Globar's Salt - Sodium Sulphate - Na2SO4.10H2O
T.N.T - Tri Nitrotoluene - C6H2CH3 (NO2)3
Calomel - Mercurous Chloride - HgCl
Sand - Silicon Oxide - SiO2
Articles of the Constitution
Part II Articles 5-11 - Citizenship
Part III Articles 12-35 -Fundamental Rights
Part IV Articles 36-51 - Directive Principles of State Policy
Part IV A Article 51-A - Duties of a citizen of India. It was added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976
Part V Articles 52-151 - Government at the Union level
Part VI Articles 152-237 - Government at the State level
Part VII Article 238 - Deals with states in Part B of the First Schedule. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956
Part VIII Articles 239-241 - Administration of Union Territories
Part IX Article 242-243 - Territories in Part D of the First Schedule
and other territories. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956
Part X Articles 244-244 - A Scheduled and tribal areas
Part XI Articles 245-263 - Relations between the Union and States
Part XII Articles 264-300 - Finance,, property,, contracts and suits
Part XIII Articles 301-307- Trade,, commerce and travel within the
territory of India
Part XIV Articles 308-323 - Services under the Union and States
Part XIV-A Articles 323A-323B - Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976
and deals with administrative tribunals to hear disputes and other complaints
Part XV Articles 324-329 - Election and Election Commission
Part XVI Articles 330-342 - Special provision to certain classes ST/SC
and Anglo Indians
Part XVII Articles 343-351 - Official languages
Part XVIII Articles 352-360 - Emergency provisions
Part XIX Articles 361-367 - Miscellaneous provision regarding exemption of the President and governors from criminal proceedings
Part XX Article 368 - Amendment of Constitution
Part XXI Articles 369-392 - Temporary,, transitional and special provisions
Part XXII Articles 393-395 - Short title, commencement and repeal
of the Constitution
INDIAN CONSTITUTION
The Constitution of India was enacted, signed and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949.
On January 26, 1950, the Constitution of India came into force on which date India also became a Republic. Our constitution makes detailed provisions for the following:
• Citizenship,
• Fundamental Rights,
• Directive Principles of State Policy,
• Structure of the Government,
• Parliament and State Legislatures,
• Supreme Court and High Courts,
• Relationship between the Union and the States,
• Services,
• Official Language and various other matters of basic importance
Salient Features of Constitution
1. It is the longest written constitution in the world.
2. Consisting of 22 Chapters, over 395 Articles and 12 Schedules.
3. It proclaims India a Sovereign Democratic Republic.
4. Fundamental Rights are guaranteed to all citizens of India.
5. Directive Principles of State Policy are incorporated.
6. It established the parliamentary system of government, i.e., the President of the Union is the constitutional head, the Council of Ministers or the Union Cabinet is the real executive and is responsible to the Lok Sabha.
7. It is federal in form (in normal times) but unitary in spirit (in emergencies).
8. It is neither too rigid (as some provisions can be amended by a simple majority) nor flexible (as some provisions require special majority for amendment).
9. It declares India a secular state.
10. It guarantees single citizenship to all citizens.
11. It introduced adult franchise, i.e., every adult above 18 years has the right to vote and the system of joint electorates.
12. It established an independent judiciary; the Supreme Court acts as a guardian of the Constitution in place of the Privy Council.
The Preamble
The draft of the Preamble was prepared by Jawaharlal Nehru and is based on the American model. The 42nd Amendment added the words ``Secular and Socialist'' and now the preamble reads as follows.
``We the People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens :
Justice; social, economic and political;
Liberty; of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
Equality; of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all;
Fraternity; assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation;
In our Constituent Assembly, November 26, 1949, do hereby adopt, enact and give to ourselves this constitution.
Sources of the Indian Constitution
2) UK Constitution - Law making procedures, Parliamentary Government, Rule of Law, Single citizenship, Cabinet system
3) US Constitution - Fundamental Rights, Independent judiciary, Judicial review, Procedure for the removal of the judges of the Supreme court and High courts, Role of Vice President
4) Canadian Constitution - Federal system, Federation with strong centre, Residuary powers in the centre
5) Irish Constitution - Directive Principles of State Policy, The method of the presidential election, Nominating members of Rajya Sabha
6) Constitution of Germany - Emergency powers to be enjoyed by the Union, Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency
7) Australian Constitution - Principle of co-operative federalism, Freedom of inter-state trade, commerce and intercourse, Idea of concurrent list
8) Constitution of South Africa - Procedure for amendment of the Constitution, Election of members of the Rajya Sabha
Grasslands
Prairies North America
Pampas South America
Pretoria South Africa
Veld South Africa
Steppes Eurasia/ Argentina
Downs Australia
Pustaz Hungary
Cantanburry New Zealand
Largest Island of the World
1. Greenland - North Atlantic - 839,999
2. New Guinea1 - Southwest Pacific -309,000
3. Borneo2 - West mid-Pacific - 287,300
4. Madagascar - Indian Ocean - 227,000
Largest Lakes of the World
2. Superior, U.S.-Canada - 31,820
3. Victoria, Tanzania-Uganda - 26,828
4. Huron, U.S.-Canada - 23,010
Most Populous Countries
2. India -1,129,866,154
3. United States -301,139,947
4. Indonesia -234,693,997
5. Brazil -190,010,647
Thursday, July 22, 2010
Nobal Prize winners - Indians
Field: Literature
For: Gitanjali (His collection of Poems, English version, published in 1912)
Year: 1913
• He was first Asian to win Nobel Prize
• He wrote our National Anthem (Later translated into English and is known as morning song of India)
• He founded Shanti Niketan, which later became VishwaBharati University
• He also wrote the National Anthem of Bangladesh "Amar Sonar Bangla (My Bengal of gold)".
Sir C.V. Raman (Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman) (1888 - 1970)
Field: Physics
For: "RAMAN" effect (Scattering of Light)
Year: 1930
• He was the first Asian scientist to win the Nobel Prize.
• He also received Bharat Ratna and Lenin Peace Prize.
• He founded Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore.
Dr. Hargobind Khorana (1922 - )
Field: Medicine and Physiology
For: Genetic Study
Year: 1968
• He produced the first artificial gene in his laboratory.
• He shared the Nobel Prize with Marshall Nuremberg and Robert Holley.
Mother Teresa (1910 - 1997)
Field: Peace
For: Exemplary Charity and Social Service
Year: 1979
• Born in Skoplje, Yugoslavia (then Turkey)
• Original Name: Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu
• Founded Missionaries Of Charity in Calcutta.
• Received Bharat Ratna Award in 1980
• Receive Magsaysay Award in 1962.
Dr. Subramaniam Chandrasekar (1910 - 2000)
Field: Physics
For: his work on stars and their evolution (Chandrasekhar's Limit).
Year: 1983
• The space telescope Chandra launched by NASA was named after him.
• He also served as the Governor of Maharashtra
• He received Bharat Ratna in 1998
Dr. Amartya Sen
Field: Economics
For: Mathematical Solution to "Arrow's Impossibility Theorem"
Year: 1998
There are some more Nobel Laureates who are related to India but are not Indians.
V.S. Naipaul, Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul (1932- )
[British writer of Indian origin]
Field: Literature
Year: 2001
Rajendra K. Pachauri (1940 - )
For: Peace and Environment Conservation
Year: 2007
• He accepted the prize on behalf of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as he was the chairman.
• He shared the award with Al Gore, Vice President of USA
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936)
[British writer]
For: Literature
Year: 1907
• He wrote novels, poems and short stories
• He is known for his books "The Jungle Book" (1894), "The Second Jungle Book" (1895). Remember "Mowgli" J.
INDIA AT OLYMPICS
We have been associated with Olympics for last 21 games.
Abhinav Bindra has made the nation proud by wining the GOLD medal for 10 m Air Rifle Shooting.
It is a very special victory as it brings a Gold Medal after a gap of 28 Long Years.
Abhinav Bindra is also the Only Indian to win an individual gold at Olympics.
MEDALS IN DIFFERENT SPORTS
Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total
Hockey 8 1 2 11
Shooting 1 1 0 2
Tennis 0 0 1 1
Weightlifting 0 0 1 1
Wrestling-Freestyle 0 0 1 1
Total 9 2 5 16
Bharat Ratna Awards
The award is conferred to the People who make great contribution in the field of art, literature, and science, and social service.
The award was started by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, on January 2, 1954.
The honour has been awarded to forty persons.
Two non-Indians and a naturalized Indian citizen are among the awardees.
With 8 honours each Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh are the states with the most number of awardees.
The award is designed in the shape of a "peepul leaf" and with words "Bharat Ratna" written on it. The reverse side of the medal carries the state emblem and motto.
The award to Subhash Chandra Bose (1992) was withdrawn
The award was briefly suspended from July 13, 1977 to January 26, 1980.
AWARD WINNERS AND YEAR
Lata Mangeshkar 2001
Ustad Bismillah Khan 2001
Pandit Ravi Shankar 1999
Amartya Sen 1999
Gopinath Bordoloi 1999
M. S. Subbulakshmi 1998
Chidambaram Subramaniam 1998
Jayaprakash Narayan 1998
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 1997
Gulzarilal Nanda 1997
Aruna Asaf Ali 1997
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 1992
J. R. D. Tata 1992
Satyajit Ray 1992
Rajiv Gandhi 1991
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 1991
Morarji Desai 1991
B. R. Ambedkar 1990
Nelson Mandela 1990
M. G. Ramachandran 1988
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 1987
Acharya Vinoba Bhave 1983
Mother Teresa 1980
K. Kamaraj 1976
V. V. Giri 1975
Indira Gandhi 1971
Lal Bahadur Shastri 1966
Dr. Zakir Hussain 1963
Pandurang Vaman Kane 1963
Dr. Rajendra Prasad 1962
Dr. B. C. Roy 1961
Purushottam Das Tandon 1961
Dhondo Keshav Karve 1958
Govind Ballabh Pant 1957
Bhagwan Das 1955
Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya 1955
Jawaharlal Nehru 1955
Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 1954
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari 1954
Sir C. V. Raman 1954
Wednesday, July 21, 2010
some Facts
Longest tree in the world Sequoia giganteum. This is a gymnosperm its height is 120 meter. This is also called coast Red Wood of California
Smallest (in space) angiosperm plant Lemna. This is aquatic angiosperm which is found in west Bengal in India too.
Plant with largest leaf Victoria Regia. This is aquatic plant which is found is west Bengal in India.
Largest fruit Lodoicea this is also called double coconut this found in Kerala in India.
Smallest Pteridophyta Azolla. This is an aquatic plant.
Smallest seed Orchid.
Smallest flower Wolfia. Its diameter is 0.1 millimetre.
Largest flower Reflesia arnoldii. Its diameter is 1 meter and its weight can be 8 kilograms.
Smallest angiosperm parasite Arceuthobium. This is a di-seed wall which is a parasite on the stems of gymnosperms.
Largest male couplet Cycas. This is a gymnosperm plant.
Largest seed-egg Cycas.
Alive morph Cycas.
Smallest chromosomes In algae.
Longest chromosomes In Trillium
The plant with the largest Number of chromosomes Ophioglossum (Fern). There are 1266 Chromosomes in its Diploid cell
Caffeine Pepaver somniferum morphin contains in it.
The plant with the least number of chromosomes Heplapapopus gracilis.
The smallest gymnosperm plant Zamia pygmea.
The heaviest wooden plant Hardwichia binata.
The lightest wooden plant Ochroma lagopus- balsa.
The smallest cell Mycoplasma gallisepticum.
Fruit like a tennis ball Kenth.
Fire of the forest Dhak.
Coffee giving plant Coffea Arabica. Caffin contains in it.
Coco giving plant Theobroma cococa. Theobromin and caffeine contain in it.
Highest Mountain Peaks of the World
2.K2 (Godwin Austen)-Karakoram-Pakistan/China - 8,611
3.Kanchenjunga-Himalayas-India/Nepal - 8,586
4.Lhotse I - Himalayas - Nepal/Tibet - 8,516
Tuesday, July 20, 2010
LARGEST COUNTRIES (by land mass)
2. Canada - 9,330,970 sq km
3. China - 9,326,410 sq km
4. USA - 9.166,600 sq km
5. Brazil - 8,456,510 sq km
6. Australia - 7,617,930 sq km
7. India - 2,973,190 sq km
CONTINENTS (by the number of countries)
Europe - 46
Asia - 44
North America - 23
South America - 12
CONTINENTS (by Population)
Africa - 877,500,000 ( SECOND )
Europe - 727,000,000 ( THIRD )
North America - 501,500,000 ( FOURTH )
South America- 379,500,000 ( FIFTH )
Australia/Oceania -32,000,000 ( SIXTH )
Antarctica - 0
CONTINENTS (by size)
Africa-30,065,000 sq km
North America-24,256,000 sq km
South America-17,819,000 sq km
Antarctica-13,209,000 sq km
Europe-9,938,000 sq km
Australia/Oceania-7,687,000 sq km
EARTH
4.6 billion years
Current Population
6,446,131,714
Surface Area
(510,066,000 sq km)
9894141981Land Area
(148,647,000 sq km) 29.1%
Ocean Area
(335,258,000 sq km)
Total Water Area
(361,419,000 sq km) 70.9%
Type of Water
(97% salt), (3% fresh)
Circumference at the equator
(40,066 km)
Circumference at the poles
(39, 992 km)
Diameter at the equator
(12,753 km)
Diameter at the poles
(12,710 km)
Radius at the equator
(6,376 km)
Radius at the poles
(6,355 km)
Orbit Speeds The earth orbits the Sun at
(66,700 mph), (107,320 km per hour)
Sun Orbit The earth orbits the Sun every
365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds
Top 5 states using Well irrigation
Gujarat
Uttar Pradesh
Rajasthan
Punjab
Maharashtra
Top 5 states using Canal irrigation
Jammu and Kashmir: 94.3%
Assam : 63.3%
Haryana : 49.8%
Orissa : 45.4%
Karnataka : 41.3%
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
1.Malaria - Protozoan parasite Plaswmodium - Bite of an insect vector female anopheles
Headache, nausea, muscular pains and high fever
2.Influenza (Flu) - Myxovirus influenzae- Sneezing, coughing, fever etc.
3.Jaundice - Hepatitis - High temperature, headache and joint pains
4.Rabies (Hydrophobia) - Rabies virus - Severe headache, high fever and painful contraction of muscles of throat and chest.
5.Aids - Retrovirus-HIV -Swollen lymph nodes, Haemorrhage, fever, sweating at night, weight loss and severe damagte to brain which may lead to loss of memory, ability to speak and even think.
6.Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Lung (Pulmonary) T.B.:
Persistent cough and produces blood-stained sputum. Loss of weight, weakness, Chest pain and breathlessness
Lymph Gland T.B: Swelling and tenderness of lymph glands.
7.Cholera
Bacterium Vibrio cholerae
Watery diarrhoea, effortless vomiting and Eyes become shunken.
8.Typhoid
Bacteria Salmonella typhi
Headache and typhoid fever which rise to the maximum in the afternoon.
9.Diarrhoea
Protozoa and viruses
Frequent loose motions and vomiting. Eyes appear sunken, nose is pinched, tongue and inner side of the cheeks appear dry and weak pulse.
10.Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Cutaneous(skin), inhalation anhjd gastrointestinal.
உலகின் மிகச் சிறிய நாடு வாடிகன் நகரம்
உலகின் மிகப் பெரிய நாடு ரசியா
Disease Deficiency
1.Marasmus-Proteins and total food calories.
2.Kwashiorkor -Severe protein deficiency.
3.Anaemia-Iron
4.Goitre-Iodine
5.Xerophthalmia-Vitamin A
6.Rickets -Vitamin-D
7.Beri-Beri-Vitamin-B
8.Pellagra-Vitamin B
9.Scurvy-Vitamin-C